Dr. Mark Hyman:
Coming up on this episode of the Doctor’s Farmacy, the highest junk food consumers had 62% higher odds for depression, 34% higher odds for stress, and 24% higher odds for anxiety, 17% higher odds for sleep dissatisfaction, and 17% lower odds for happiness. Now, that’s a lot to swallow.
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The food we eat plays a pivotal role in our ability to regulate our mental and our emotional health. And many of us are aware that the sad diet, otherwise known as the standard American diet, is causing us to gain weight, to be obese, to be metabolically sick and to be chronically inflamed. But this inflammation is not just limited to our bodies. It has broad reaching effects on our brains and our mood, our cognitive function, pretty much everything we care about. In fact, it’s kind of a good name to call it the SAD diet because it makes us sad. It’s easy to overlook the connection between our diet and how we feel. But in a country where more than one in five adults are battling mental illness and suicide rates are increasing exponentially, especially in kids and drug ods are at an all time high, we need to stop and we need to ask ourselves why we’re witnessing such unprecedented rates of mental illness.
Now, the answer lies not only in our modern day high pace stressful environment, but at the end of our forks. So today we’re using functional medicine to help bridge the gap between our sad diet and our mental health crisis. And we’re going to answer the question why? Why is our brain health so compromised? Why are we seeing such rates of mental illness, depression, anxiety, PTSD, violence, aggression, suicide rates, addiction? What can we do about it? Right? This is an important question. We’re going to explore the science that shows that our diet drives neuroinflammation, that’s inflammation of the brain, and it causes a functional disconnection between our frontal lobes and our amygdala. Now, the adult in the room is the frontal lobe, and it seems not to be in charge these days of our dinosaur reactive limbic brain, which has seemed to have taken over in our society.
We’re going to connect the dots between what we eat and how we feel and explore the research that clearly shows how our toxic nutritionally depleted ultra process diet is a key driver of our mental health crisis, from depression to anxiety, a, d, D, even aggression, behavior problems and violence. The good news is that major academic centers now have departments of nutritional and metabolic psychiatry, and there’s a way to eat and to supplement your way out of many mental health issues. So let’s get into it. Why are we dealing with unprecedented rates of mental illness? Why is this happening? Well, what are the root causes? The root causes are driving inflammation in our bodies, which drives inflammation in our brains leading to something called neuroinflammation. This is a well-described phenomena that occurs in medicine that we now understand is linked to almost every known brain disease, from autism to Alzheimer’s, from a DD to anxiety, from depression to PTSD, to bipolar disease, to schizophrenia, you name it.
If the brain’s involved in some way in a disease, it’s caused by inflammation. And the question is, what is driving the inflammation? Why are we so inflamed in the first place? And the answer is not to take Advil or a steroid or some immunosuppressant, but to find out and get rid of the root causes of inflammation. So what is driving this inflammation? Well, I think the most important and the most powerful driver of inflammation in our society is what I like to call the obesity epidemic. So what is diabesity? Well, it’s that epidemic of a little bit of belly fat to a little more to pre-diabetes, to full-blown type two diabetes. And according to the NHANES data, which is our national database from the government research surveys that have been going on for decades that currently 93% of Americans are not metabolically healthy, meaning they have some degree of diabetes.
Now this drives inflammation. Now anybody who’s got this belly fat, and we’re going to talk about why is driving inflammation, even if you’re not overweight, you can have it if you have visceral fat, fat around your organs. Now, many, many factors besides diet contribute to it, but the poor diet we have is the main driver. So what are the inflammatory foods? What are the foods we’re eating that are putting our brains on fire? Well, it’s ultra processed food, and now there’s a classification system called the Nova Classification System that clearly maps out what is and what is an ultra processed food under rating scale from zero to four. So ultra processed food is the most pulverized, most dissected, split apart, processed, chemically, altered food-like substances that look like food but actually aren’t that contain dozens of ingredients that are things you would not have in your kitchen counter or covered like butylated, hydroxy, toluene or maltodextrin or mono and triglycerides or a million other things that are in all sorts of food that we eat every day.
And it now comprises a huge part of our diet. We’re talking about cookies, cakes, donuts, pretzels, chips, packaged snack foods, french fries, sandwich bread, buns, fast food, sugar sweetened beverages, sodas, blended coffees, teas, juices, candy, sugary condiments. I mean, it’s pretty much everything we’re eating. Now, there are a few other factors that we’re just going to touch on briefly that do drive inflammation in the body and can drive neuroinflammation, not exercising. That’s a big one, just being sedentary. Smoking, obviously that’s bad for you. Alcohol. Alcohol is a big driver of inflammation and particularly brain issues and toxins. Environmental toxins play a big role. Petrochemical, toxins, plastic phthalates, all the forever chemicals that we’re exposed to in our household. Cleaning products, skincare products and our food products and our packaging in pesticides, herbicides, I mean the list goes on. Heavy metals all also play a big role.
Any kind of stress, psychological emotional stress for sure drives inflammation. We know for example, from the ACE questionnaire, which is a adverse childhood event scoring questionnaire will link to it in the show notes that if you score high on this questionnaire, which identifies childhood stress like parents divorce to alcoholism in your family, violence, people being in prison, things like that, that is correlated with chronic disease, with obesity, with inflammation, autoimmune disease. So it’s not just psychological, it translates into your biology. Another big factor for inflammation is a leaky gut. Now this is often caused by our poor diet. It’s caused by food additives, it’s caused by heavy metals, it’s caused by environmental toxins. But when you have a leaky gut, the barrier breaks down between your gut and your bloodstream and food particles and toxic chemicals leak in and start to generate inflammation because they’re foreign.
And that is a huge factor in many, many chronic diseases. And pretty much all the chronic diseases, not just the mental health disorders, whether it’s diabetes or heart disease or Alzheimer’s or even cancer, are all inflammatory diseases. And it’s one of the main factors that’s driving advanced accelerated aging. Now, the leading cause, however, and the thing we’re going to talk about today, and the thing that we really can do something about is our diet. The leading cause of inflammation is our diet, and that is causing a metabolic health crisis. This metabolic health crisis is what’s driving inflammation. When you have poor metabolic health, by definition, you’re inflamed. Now, what is metabolic health? Well, metabolic health is how well our brains and our bodies produce and use energy. Now that seems a little abstract, but every one of the trillion cells in the body must convert fuel into energy using something called the mitochondria.
These are the little tiny organelles in your cells that take food and oxygen and turn it into energy that the body can use and essentially is the fuel that we call a TP. Now, when our cells can’t do this effectively, it leads to symptoms ranging from brain fog to erectile dysfunction to infertility, fatigue, acne, chronic pain, low mood anxiety, and eventually full bone chronic disease. Essentially, you could think of this as diabetes of the brain when it happens. In fact, Alzheimer’s is now called type three diabetes. So what is driving this metabolic health crisis? Well, like I said, it’s our processed high sugar, high starch diet. And when we have swings in blood sugar, we have swings in insulin. Insulin causes fat deposition around the middle. Those fat cells are called adipocytes. They produce cytokines like you heard about in covid called adipose cytokines, which are essentially the inflammatory messengers that spew out from your belly fat and go across your whole body, including your brain, and create havoc and disease.
And what’s driving this is our unprecedented intake of ultra processed food, refined flour and sugar, especially in the form of sugar sweetened beverages. Now, this leads to a lot of different dysfunctions in the body, including impaired insulin sensitivity, and we get insulin resistance, which means our bodies are resistant to the effects of insulin. And over time, that leads to all sorts of problems, right? That causes weight gain around the belly. It causes high blood pressure, it causes a loss of muscle and increase in body fat. It causes, we call atherogenic dyslipidemia, meaning the kind of cholesterol problem. It causes heart attacks with high triglycerides and low HDL, and it causes many other factors. Now, at a company I co-founded called Function Health, we do a full panel that assesses your metabolic health and your cardiovascular risk and your metabolic risk. And it’s a very affordable test that allows you to get over 110 biomarkers that helps you map out what’s going on.
And I encourage people to check this out because finding, and this is kind of frightening folks, but we’re finding that 46% of the people we test and we’ve had over 3 million biomarkers on over 25,000 people, 46% have a high C-reactive protein. Now that’s a cytokine marker of inflammation. 95% have small particles or abnormal lipid particles or too many particles. That means it sort of tracks actually 93% of Americans are metabolic and healthy. It’s exactly what we’re seeing. So even though they say one in two people have diabetes or prediabetes, it’s probably a lot more than that when you broaden the definition to look at poor metabolic health as a general concept. Now, how many people have this? Well, we were just sort of talking about, but there’s a landmark paper analyzing the data from the National Health and Nutrition examination survey called nhanes. This is a government database, and it looked at data from 1999 to 2018 and they tested 55,000 people.
And here’s the shocker folks, they found that only 6.8% of Americans have optimal cardiometabolic health. 6.8 folks, that means 93.2% of Americans are in poor metabolic health. That means they have high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, they’re overweight or obese or have had a heart attack or stroke. And all those are indications of underlying poor metabolic health that are driven by inflammation. In terms of diabetes, about 38.4 million Americans have diabetes. More than 10% of the population, one in 10 people, 30 million people or 22% go undiagnosed. And if you took it pre-diabetes in insulin resistance probably affects far more than that. I said one in two Americans is what they say, or 130 million Americans conservatively having pre-diabetes, but I think it’s way more than that. And of those who have pre-diabetes, and here’s a shocker, 84% didn’t know they have it. And this is what we’re finding at function health.
When people lose their tests, they have no idea. They have abnormal blood sugar, abnormal insulin, they have abnormal lipid profiles, they look at cardiometabolic risk through the lens of insulin resistance. We look at c-reactive protein and see elevations. So we’re seeing this broad population based phenomena of extremely poor metabolic health and it’s driving inflammation throughout the body. So of course it’s not just affecting the brain, which we’re talking about today, not just affecting mood, but it’s affecting everything that is going on in our society that’s driving our $4.3 trillion of healthcare costs, bankrupting our nation, creating tremendous downward pressure on our society in terms of impaired educational capacity, military readiness, productivity. I mean, we lost $2 trillion in productivity globally because of poor health related to chronic disease related to our diet. Now, what happened was that after World War ii, the diet shifted to focus on convenience and shelf stable foods, and that was the beginning of this crisis.
And another study in 2018 published in the British Medical Journal using the same data, the anything data, they found that 60% of American calories from 2007 to 2012 came from ultra processed foods and kids at 67% of their diet. That’s almost 70% of kids diets are not even food. They wouldn’t really be called food if you actually looked at what the definition of food was, which is something that contains nutrients and is nourishing. It doesn’t even meet that. You just look at the Webster dictionary, it doesn’t even meet the definition of food. Now, that’s shocking. A new machine learning technology that is called Food Pro x predicts that over 73% of the US food supply is ultra processed. So what is ultra processed food? Well, it’s packaged breads, cookies, sugar sweetened beverages, cereals, margarine sauces, dressing spreads, hamburgers, pizza, hot dogs, pretty much anything that’s made in a factory, right?
My joke is if it’s grown in a plant, eat it. If it’s made in a plant, don’t eat it right? Or if it has a label, don’t eat it, right? I mean, your almond doesn’t have a barcode or egg, doesn’t have a barcode or ingredient list. Avocado doesn’t have an ingredient list. So buy things without ingredient list. Now, if you want to buy a can of sardines or a can of tomatoes or a bottle of olive oil, that’s fine. You know what? You can read the ingredients, they’re listed in English, and they are things that you would recognize and have in your kitchen and your probably great grandmother would know what they are, but don’t eat stuff that’s not food. That’s really, really important. And it’s across the spectrum of all diseases, not just mental health issues. So how are these processed foods driving this poor metabolic health?
Well, this food drives, as I said, insulin resistance and pre-diabetes and we’ll call metabolic syndrome drives obesity, type two diabetes, heart disease, cancer, autoimmune disease, depression, anxiety, violence, even Alzheimer’s. So these are all driving this phenomena that is leading to chronic illness and accelerated aging. So it pretty much causes everything. Now, not obviously everything, but I’m being facetious, but you get the point when the majority of our energy intake comes from this ultra processed food and from highly palate foods that are rich in refined carbohydrates and sugars and added sugars that are full of inflammatory fats and refined oils, it does havoc to our system. According to the USDA, food availability per capita data system, in 2021, the average American consumed 113 pounds of added sugar and sweeteners or more than 22 teaspoons per day. Now, I don’t have 22 teaspoon day. I mean, imagine putting 22 teaspoons of sugar in your coffee, but it’s hidden everywhere.
It’s in your ketchup and your salad dressing and your bread and pretty much everything. So if you look at the label, and by the way, there are 50 names of sugar, right? And as I as Shakespeare said, a rose is about a rose by any other name, sugar, sugar, sugar, sugar. And if you look up kind of on Google, what are the 50 names of sugar, you’re going to be shocked at what they are, and there are things you wouldn’t even recognize that are put on the label. And here’s another trick by a dirty trick by the way that the food industry does in Europe. You have to weight foods by percentage of the food, and you have to kind of list the percentage of each ingredient. What happens is, in terms of order of the food and amount in the American label, you have to put the gradient that has the highest amount of whatever it is first, and then you sort of put the rest.
But what they do in American foods is they put in five different kinds of sugar because it allows them to have smaller amounts of those, but at all, if you add them all up, it’s way more than the main ingredient in the food. So that’s really kind of sneaky. So 113 pounds of sugar, the consumption of high fructose corn syrup has increased by get this 6700%, 6700% since 1970, and the consumption of refined grains has averaged 149 pounds per person every year. And refined flour acts just like sugar in the body. There’s no difference. The body can’t tell below the neck the difference between a bowl of corn flakes and a bowl of sugar. Now, food’s high in refined starches and sugars. What do they do? Well, they lead to high blood sugar and insulin spikes. They create inflammation, oxidative stress, belly fat. We talked about all this, and it wreaks havoc on your gut and it drives all sorts of bad bacteria growing, basically feeding all the bad guys.
And these bad guys spew out molecules that cause inflammation and that penetrates the gut lining, which causes something called a leaky gut. And then food particles and bacterial toxins and other inflammatory metabolites kind of leak into the bloodstream driving inflammation throughout your whole body and even your brain, especially your brain. In fact, if you eat a typical American diet, your brain is on fire. Excess calories from carbs are converted into body fat basically because insulin is a fat storage hormone. And what kind of fat, visceral fat, belly fat, we call VAT, you know what that is? And what does that do? Well, that leaks all these pro-inflammatory cytokines into the bloodstream, and it creates chronic low grade inflammation, and it’s affecting not just your heart and your liver and your kidneys and your blood vessels, but it’s affecting your brain. And the problem with the brain is if you have arthritis and inflammation, your joint, you know it, your joint’s swollen, it’s painful.
If you have inflammation from a sore throat from strep, it hurts, right? It’s inflamed, it’s red, it’s painful. If your brain’s inflamed, it doesn’t have the same way of seeing ouch. And the way it says ouch is through mental illness, through neurocognitive disease and neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental diseases like autism, a, d, D. So we have to kind of take a real serious look at what we can do to address this overwhelming amount of inflammation over time. High carb, high fat diets do a lot of bad things. They increase your cholesterol, the bad kind, the inflammatory kind. They lead to fatty liver, and this affects, I think a hundred million people. We call it nafld, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There wasn’t even such a thing. I mean, it was just alcoholic fatty liver. Now there’s basically sugar fatty liver, and the biggest cause of liver transplants is now not hepatitis or alcoholism, but fatty liver from drinking sodas and eating sugar, you end up with all kinds of dysfunction that goes throughout your whole body with insulin resistance in every aspect of your biology, from your fat tissue to your muscles, to your liver, and it just creates this negative feedback loop driving inflammation.
Now, all the references, all the citations that back up, what I’m saying, are going to be included in the show notes. So if you want to get a deeper dive, you want to kind of get deeper into the science around this and track down those studies, you can go to the show notes because all of it’s in there. Alright, so how does inflammation in the body lead to inflammation in the brain? Now, what we learned in med school was that the blood brain barrier is highly selective. It’s a protective barrier in the central nervous system, and that separates the circulating blood from the brain and the extracellular fluid in the nervous system. Now, we were taught pretty much that this barrier was impenetrable, but it’s not. And what we’ve learned now is just like you can have a leaky gut, you can have a leaky brain, and this, my friends, is what’s going on at scale in the American population and increasingly globally, because we’ve had a global world that’s adapted our bad eating habits, we basically created the worst diet on the planet and exported it to every country in the world.
What happens from any source of inflammation, gut microbes, sugar in your diet, toxins, infections, allergens, it causes a disruption in the brain barrier that disrupts the tight junctions that line the blood vessels in the brain, and that causes a breakdown in that barrier causing a leaky brain. Now, leaky brain’s bad because it allows all sets of inflammatory garbage into your brain contributing to what we call neuroinflammation brain on fire, and it potentially exacerbates all sorts of neurologic diseases, not just things like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, but all the mental health issues we’re facing in our society today. Depression, anxiety, a DH, adhd, bipolar disease, even aggression and violence. Now, I think our diet for the most part, and there are other factors, obviously many other factors, but I think our diet is a major, if not the major factor contributing to our inflamed society and to the polarization we’re seeing and to the conflict we’re seeing increasingly here and around the world.
So how does inflammation impact our brain? Well, our ability to regulate our mood and to make sense of our motions comes from this crosstalk between our amygdala and our prefrontal cortex. We talked about this a little, but the prefrontal cortex is like the adult in the brain. It’s the executive function. It’s the wise elder, kind of evaluates options and doesn’t do the stupid thing, right? The amygdala is the reactive part of the brain. It’s the ancient part of the brain. The limbic center, also known as something that controls fight or flight or freeze or fawn in different areas, feeding reproduction. It’s involved in all these basic life functions that we need for survival, and it’s highly driven by impulse. It’s unregulated. If it’s not controlled by the prefrontal cortex, you’re in trouble because they’re in constant communication with each other. Your amygdala might go, Hey, I’m going to punch that guy in the face.
You looked at me wrong. Well, your prefrontal cortex would probably go probably not a good idea and you wouldn’t do it. But if the amygdala’s unregulated because the connection and the communication between the amygdala and the frontal lobe is disturbed because of inflammation, then we’re in trouble. Then we have an unregulated amygdala running our society and everybody and driving unregulated emotions and aggression and behavior issues that we’re seeing everywhere. Now, the amygdala is involved in processing feelings and emotions. It’s related to survival. It’s our fight or flight response, and the prefrontal cortex is the most evolved part of our brain, right? It’s regulating impulse control, emotional regulation. It’s responsible for decision-making, solving problems, social behavior, and lots of other higher order cognitive abilities. Now does this in part by quieting the amygdala. So a good prefrontal cortex will say, Hey, shut up. Don’t punch that guy.
Don’t do that stupid thing. Don’t steal that cookie. Whatever it is, your prefrontal cortex will be very engaged in regulating the activity of the amygdala. But when that crosstalk is damaged, when we lose that ability to have good crosstalk between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, which makes it easier to control our mood, our behavior anxiety, we get in trouble. Now, new research and thinking by Dr. David Perlmutter and his son Austin Perlmutter, who had on the podcast in their book Brainwash, propose a profound link between inflammation and the disconnection between our amygdala and our prefrontal cortex. On the book, they suggest that inflammation interferes with this functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, which is the adult of the room and the amygdala, which is the untamed wild animal controlling our impulses and our fight or flight system. So without that adult supervision of the prefrontal cortex, the emotional brain takes over and we lose our ability to properly regulate our feelings and emotions.
Now in this large review of human and animal evidence presented by Kim, and link is in the show notes, the weak connectivity between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex is associated with lots of elevated amygdala activity and increased feelings of anxiety and mood issues. Now, when you have excessive amygdala activation, it can induce all sorts of psychiatric disorders, anxiety, PTSD, depression and more. Now, what are some examples and what is some of the data that basically underscores and creates evidence? For what I’m saying, what’s the data? Well, actually, I wouldn’t call it exactly data, but there was an interesting case, a legal case where there was a defense made for a murderer called the Twine Defense. You might’ve heard about this, but Twinky defense was the name given to the 1979 trial of Dan White, who was a former San Francisco city supervisor who assassinated the mayor of San Francisco, George Moscone and his fellow supervisor Harvey Milk.
Now, during the trial, white’s defense lawyers argued that he had diminished capacity to make decisions due to depression. They suggested it was partly evidenced by his consumption of junk food, including Twinkies. The defense sought to show that whites change in diet and other behaviors were symptoms of depression, which affected his judgment and mental state. Now, instead of being convicted of first degree manslaughter, the charge was reduced because of the twinky defense and he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. That’s pretty interesting. So what’s the link we have? What’s the evidence? That was an interesting case, but what’s the real evidence we have for the link between junk food, sugar sweetened beverages and psychological distress? Well, a review of the research for the focus on adolescence was done, and it was called the Caspian four study. It took a national sample of 13,486 Iranian children and adolescents age six to 18, and it looked at the frequency of junk food consumption and their mental health.
Now, the results indicated a significant association between the frequency of junk food consumption and psychiatric illnesses. I’m going to say that again. This was 13,000 kids. The results indicated a significant association between the frequency of junk food consumption and psychiatric distress. There was a significant association between violent behaviors and the intake of junk foods. The daily consumption of sweetened beverages and snacks significantly increased. The odds of self-reported psychiatric distress, the daily consumption of salty snacks, which are also filled with all sorts of other crap in ultra processed food, was significantly associated with violent behavior, including get this a 39% increased odds of physical fighting and 19% increased odds of being a victim and 55% increased odds of bullying. Now, in another paper in 2023, a review paper published in nutritional neuroscience, yes, that’s a thing. Researchers examined the link between junk food consumption and psychological distress in adolescence.
Now they analyze 17 articles on junk food consumption in relation to depression, stress, anxiety, sleep dissatisfaction, and happiness in children and adolescents, the highest junk food consumers had 62% higher odds for depression, 34% higher odds for stress, and 24% higher odds for anxiety, 17% higher odds for sleep dissatisfaction, and 17% lower odds for happiness. Now, that’s a lot to swallow. Think about what we’re doing to our children, right? Think about it. I mean, if we were a foreign nation doing what we’re doing to our kids, we’d probably go to war to protect our children, wouldn’t we? Another study, and this is another one, in 2023, it was titled The Association Between University Student Junk Food Consumption and Mental Health, and it was published in the Journal of Nutrition Health. It showed that the daily consumption of junk food was linked to a four and a half fold or a 450% increased odds of stress and 11 fold.
In other words, 1100% increased odds of anxiety and a 7.9 fold or a 790% increase odds of depression. Now, I just want to make a point here. When you do a study on a drug to show that it’s effective or causes an effect, if there’s a 20 or 30% increase in benefit over placebo, or if there’s a risk factor where there’s a 20 or 30% increase, like for example, they say processed meat causes a 20% increased risk in your risk of colon cancer, and that’s 20%. Here we’re talking about 450%, 1100%, 790%. These are just staggering numbers in scientific research that you don’t usually see and are highly related. If there’s a correlation over two, a hundred percent, then there’s now, there was another study in Korea that looked at sugar sweetened beverages and fast foods and how it affected adolescents mental health. And in the study, they aim to assess the effects of combining sugar sweetened beverages and fast foods on mental health, how it affects stress, depression, and suicidal ideation Among Korean high school students.
They combine the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, basically sodas, all the sugary drinks we have and fast foods. When they did that, they had a far more significant association with stress, depression, and suicidal ideation than their independent consumption. If you just look for example, at sugar sweetened beverages or just looked at junk food, but if you combine them, it was very clear there was a significant effect. The consumption of sugary drinks and fast food is probably dose dependent, and it has dose dependent negative effects on stress depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescence. The data is just clear, and you can look at the references, you can read them yourself. I’m not making this stuff up. In addition to studies on children, it also affects adults. There was a study of women in midlife who had depressive symptoms and they had a 54% higher odds of reporting higher fast food intake.
In other words, if you’re a middle-aged woman and you’re eating fast food, you’re going to have a 54% higher risk of being depressed. Okay, now, what’s the link between junk food consumption and not just depression anxiety, but violence and aggression? Well, here’s what the research says in the study titled The Twinky Defense, the relationship between carbonated non diet soft drinks and violence perpetration among Boston High School students was inspired by that famous trial that I just mentioned. They found that these Boston Public Health School students were asked how often they drank non-diet, basically regular sugary soft drinks, and whether they carried a weapon or engaged in physical violence with a peer. Now, adolescents who drank more than five cans of soft drinks per week, which was about 30% of the group, were significantly more likely to have carried a weapon and to have been violent with their peers, their family members, and their dates.
Frequent soft drink consumption in the study was associated with a nine to 15% point increase in the probability of engaging in aggressive actions even after you control for gender, age, race, body mass index, typical sleep patterns, tobacco use, alcohol use, and having family dinners. So I just want to pause there for a minute because that’s a lot, right? We’re talking about studies that are showing the kids, and this also applies to adults for sure who drink a lot of soft drinks or eat a lot of junk food tend to be more violent, and they’re more likely to have weapons and do bad stuff with them. So how much of our school shootings and miscellaneous violence we see every week, we’ve almost become numb to it. I mean, this just didn’t exist when I was a kid. It was like a shoot up everywhere in a parking lot, in a football game at the Super Bowl and schools.
I mean, it’s just gotten out of control. And why is that happening? Could it be our inflamed brains that are linked to our current toxic diet? Now, there are other factors, as I mentioned, including environmental toxins and other things, but I think our diet is clearly a factor and it’s something we can modify, and it just makes me a little bit crazy when I see this data and I don’t see anybody talking about it, which is why I’m doing this health bite to help you really understand the data and to put this out there in the world. Now, what about candy consumption in childhood? Well, there’s another study that looked at candy consumption in childhood and how it predicted violence in adulthood. They found that basically kids who ate candy daily at age 10 were far more likely to have been convicted for violence at age 34 than kids who didn’t eat candy every day.
And that relationship was really robust even after for controlling for all the other potential confounding factors, ecological factors, and individual factors. Another study, it was a case control study of young adolescent girls, girls who had more simple carbs like basically flour products, bread, potatoes, rice, but most likely kind of snack, right? Cakes, candies, donuts, sugary foods, flour foods was associated with, and get this a 14 times higher odds of aggressive behavior. That’s 1400%. Think about it, if you eat junk food sugar in too much refined carbohydrates, your risk of being aggressive goes up by 14 fold or 1400%. That’s terrifying. It was interesting when they looked at things like dietary fiber, Omega-3 fats, vitamin K, and kids who had more of that, it reduced the odds of aggressive behavior. So wow, just eating more fiber and taking some supplements or having more omega threes or vitamin K in your diet can reduce your risk of aggressive behavior.
I think this is just the tip of the iceberg. I wrote a book called The UltraMind Solution where really mapped out the role of nutrition and nutritional deficiencies on our mood, our cognitive function, our attention and behavior. So I think it’s really real. I mean, I’ve seen this in my practice many times and we’re deficient in many things like zinc. We have a lot of low lithium levels, which is not typically considered an essential nutrient, but it really is part of our biology. And so there’s a lot of things we can do to deal with these types of deficiencies if we actually target them. Now, is there a link between ultra processed foods and psychosocial functioning, meaning an inability to perform and engage in basic social and interpersonal things that you have to do to function life and to have emotional regulation and to have executive function?
Well, they found that ultra processed food and drinks, sodas and so forth were associated with abnormal psychosocial functioning and adolescents. And this was a group of Spanish kids, 14 to 17 who consumed on average about eight servings of ultra processed food a day, cold meat cookies, processed meat chocolates, candy snacks, you name it, sauces, and they had fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity levels that were below what was recommended in the population. And then kids who ate this junk food over 26% showed psychosocial impairment. In other words, they had depression, anxiety, they externalized problems, internalized problems on the externalizing problems, turns out to cause fighting, teasing others, not listening to rules, refusing to share, not playing nice in the sandbox, not understanding others’ feelings, taking things that belong to others. I mean, this kind of sounds like our society at this point, right? Not listening to the rules, not understanding each other’s feelings, not listening to anybody else fighting conflict.
I mean, what’s going on in our society now? What about A DHD and is there a link between junk food consumption and A DHD in kids and adolescents? Well, in a number of studies, this has been shown to be true kids who had less adherence to a healthy diet. In other words, they weren’t eating fruits and vegetables and good quality food and food had a sevenfold greater risk of having a DHD. So if you don’t need a healthy diet, your risk of having a DHD was 700% higher. Again, these are just staggering numbers in research. I just can’t express that enough. If you look for example, statins, it’s a blockbuster drug. It lowers the risk of having a heart attack by a whopping 30%, and here we’re talking about 700%. Now, sugar, candy, cola beverages, non cola soft drinks and low consumption of fatty fish were also associated with a higher risk of having a DHD.
So basically, if you eat junk food and sugar and you don’t have good foods like omega foods and healthy veggies, you’re going to have a high risk of having a DHD. And again, more than 14% of kids are on a DHD medication. This is not a normal condition of being a child. I mean, there was that one kid in my class when I was young, was kind of a troublemaker, but that was it, and the rest of us were fine. So this is just an epidemic. So let’s talk about now after all this depressing news. What the heck can you do so you can fix your brain and not be depressed and not be aggressive, and not have an uncontrolled impulses and actually enjoy your life? Because at the end of the day, the health of your brain, the term is the quality of your life.
Your brain’s not working right. You’re making bad decisions, you’re having bad relationships, you’re not taking care of yourself, and essentially, it’s the key to happiness. It’s the key to success. It’s the key to having a good fulfilling life, and we know how to fix this. It’s not rocket science. We know what to eat to address depression and mental health diseases and aggression and violence, and it’s what I talk about all the time. It’s eating real food. It’s eating a whole food nutrient dense diet. It’s eating food that’s low in starch and sugar that balances your blood sugar by having healthy fats and good quality protein on every meal. It includes keeping the refined sugars and carbs kind of low, right? Or getting rid of most of ’em, right? Eliminate ultra processed food. Just don’t eat that crap. Just don’t put it back on the shelf.
If you want a cookie, make it yourself. Don’t eat stuff that comes from a factory. It’s really bad. And this is what we’re eating. This again, this is 67% of kids’ diet depending on the data you look at. It’s either 60 or 73% of our overall diet or the foods out there in the marketplace, bread cereals, corn flakes, frosted flakes, puff, the wheat, granola bagels, pasta, pastries, all foods containing high fructose corn syrup, which is pretty much almost everything in the sewer market. Artificial sweeteners are problematic for many reasons. We’ll get into that in another podcast, but things like aspartame, sorbitol, processed fruit juices, oh, fruit juice is not actually good. It’s not fruit, it’s fruit juice, so eat fruit, but the fruit juice is just maybe like a soda with a bit of vitamins in it, so load with sugar. Also, make sure you get protein.
Protein, really important. The amino acids and protein are really critical, and they’re building blocks for our neurotransmitters, for our mood, chemicals for hormones, things like tryptophan, which comes from pasture-based Turkey, chicken, eggs, almonds, and peanuts. It’s important for making serotonin tyrosine important for dopamine, which is basically talking about dopamine hits. Well, that’s the amino acid that can help norepinephrine, epinephrine, really critical molecules in your body and those you can get from grass fed and generally raised beef, lamb, fish and chicken, and lots of nuts and seeds, eggs, beans, just real food. And then you want to make sure you include foods that have well researched evidence for boosting brain and mood function, including things like omega fats. These come from salmon, mackerel, anchovies, sardines, herring, small halibuts fish. Those are fine, but stay away from the big mercury containing fish. Lots of mono and saturated fats like extra virgin olive oil, avocados, olives, choline, rich foods.
Choline is one of the most important neurotransmitters in your brain as choline, and you need it from your diet. So pasture raised eggs, and particularly the yolks liver, yum. I like liver, peanuts, cruciferous vegetables, and acetol. Another important vitamin is considered kind of a B vitamin, and it’s very important for brain and mood function and anxiety. Things like oranges have it. Grapefruit, chickpeas, lentils, almonds, peanuts, leafy greens, chicken, liver. You need a lot of B vitamins. B vitamins are critical for mood regulation B six in particular, that can come from liver. Also, wild caught, salmon, chicken, folate, really important comes from the word foliage. Folate from dark green, leafy vegetable, spinach, kale, beach 12, really important. That’s only from animal protein. Thymine is really important, which can A, B vitamin, B one. That has a big role in our brain function and can help in many ways, and there are lots of ways to get that.
Another critical vitamin for your brain is vitamin D. We know about the winter blues or seasonal effective disorder. You have low vitamin D, so critical to get sunshine, portini, mushrooms, but most of us need to take vitamin D three, probably two to 4,000 units a day. Magnesium also really important. Sleep, relaxation, mineral. It’s incredible for mood and cognitive function, anxiety, sleep, stress. We’re very low in magnesium. I did a whole health bite on this. We can link to that in the show notes. Nazis, beans are great sources. Zinc is also incredibly important for brain function and things like pumpkin seeds and oysters contain that, and antioxidants are really helpful. And just keeping inflammation down. Things like colorful fruits and vegetables, vitamin E is also important. Get that from almonds and sunflower seeds and hazelnuts. coq 10, really important also for mitochondrial function, energy, meat, particularly chicken hearts.
So don’t throw away the little gizzards and stuff inside the chicken, cooked them and eat the heart like poke acid important, which from spinach, so these are all nutrients. They’re all in the show notes so you can read about them. Lots of micronutrients play a role. Selenium, lots of fiber is important. Prebiotic fibers to help your gut healthy. Probiotic foods, polyphenol nutrients, all the colorful vegetables and fruits that have plenty of anti-inflammatory compounds. So there’s a lot of ways to do this. Again, all this is going to be in the show notes. I’ve written books about it. It’s not a secret what I think about what you should eat, but it’s pretty simple. Like Michael Pollen said, eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants. So it’s pretty simple. We make it a little complicated. And then we have the diet wars, and that’s why I wrote the peak in diet as a of a spoof on all the diet wars and what are the 21 principles for eating in a nutritionally confusing world, so you could check that out.
What should we not eat? Well, it’s all the stuff I’ve been talking about. Processed food, junk food, things containing hydrogenated or partially hydrogen oils that are still in the market, all the baked goods and just everything, industrial seed oils, corn, safflower, sunflower, peanut, canola, often very problematic. Large fish, which you won’t want to avoid, which contain mercury like swordfish tuna and so forth. Dairy can be okay. Goat and sheep I would prefer, but most dairy in this country, I would not even touch with a 10 foot hole. There are other ways to get dairy substitutes. I encourage you to make your own unsweetened almond milk or hazelnut milk. You can make those by soaking them and putting ’em a blender. I have recipes in my cookbooks for that. Alcohol not help food for sure. Do you want to have it? Occasionally? Okay, but not a regular habit, not daily, and maybe at the most, one or two drinks a week.
Also, you want to take brain supporting nutrients, right? You want to take things that are going to help your brain work properly, multivitamin and mineral with adequate zinc, and B vitamins, vitamin D, omega, fats, and magnesium just helps address all the widespread nutritional deficiencies or inadequate intake that are linked to mental health issues. And I’ve written a lot about this. I’ve wrote a book about it called The Ultra Mind Solution. I have a whole documentary series called Broken Brain. We go deep into this. There’s dozens and dozens of hours of video and content, so if you want to learn more, you can check out all of it in the show notes, we’ll link to it. But I want to just say as we wrap up this health bite today, that it’s really clear that the link between our diet and mental health is not just a theory, but it’s a reality affecting millions, and there’s something we can do about it.
The evidence is just overwhelming and it’s undeniable. The inflammatory ultra process nutrient poor foods that are staples in our diet in the standard American diet or the SAD or sad diet are at the heart, or I should say the brain of a mental health crisis that’s showing no signs of slowing down, but there’s hope. There’s hope by turning back to real food, nutrient dense foods, cutting out all the inflammatory foods hidden in processed foods, making sure we address our nation’s widespread nutritional deficiencies. We have the power to combat this and turn the tide of mental illness. Remember, every bite we take is either feeding disease or fighting it, so let’s choose to nourish our minds and bodies with the food they truly need and to a happy, healthy life. Thanks for listening today. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family.
We’d love to hear your comments and your questions, and please leave us a rating and review and of course, subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. You can find me on all social media channels at Dr. Mark Hyman, and you can also subscribe to my YouTube channel at Dr. Mark Hyman. I’m always getting questions about my favorite books, podcasts, gadgets, supplements, recipes, and lots more. And now you can have access to all of this information by signing up for my free Marx Picks [email protected] slash Marx picks. I promise I’ll only email you once a week on Fridays, and I’ll never share your email address or send you anything else besides my recommendations. These are the things that have helped me on my health journey, and I hope they’ll help you too. Again, that’s dr hyman.com/marks pics. Thank you again, and we’ll see you next time on The Doctor’s Farmacy.
This podcast is separate from my clinical practice at the Ultra Wellness Center and my work at Cleveland Clinic and Function Health, where I’m the Chief Medical Officer. This podcast represents my opinions and my guest opinions, and neither myself nor the podcast endorse the views or statements of my guests. This podcast is for educational purposes only. This podcast is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. This podcast is provided on the understanding that it does not constitute medical or other professional advice or services. Now, if you’re looking for your help in your journey, seek out a qualified medical practitioner. You can come see us at the Ultra Wellness Center in Lennox, Massachusetts. Just go to ultra wellness center.com. If you’re looking for a functional medicine practitioner near you, you can visit ifm.org and search, find a practitioner database. It’s important that you have someone in your corner who is trained, who’s a licensed healthcare practitioner, and can help you make changes, especially when it comes to your health. Keeping this podcast free is part of my mission to bring practical ways of improving health to the general public and keeping with that theme, I’d like to express gratitude to the sponsors that made today’s podcast possible.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Coming up on this episode of the Doctor’s Farmacy,

JJ Virgin: It’s a choice to be excited about aging or to fear it. So what if in your forties and fifties you went, okay, my choice is that I’m going to be able to play full out in my eighties and nineties, and so I better train for it Now,

Dr. Mark Hyman: Welcome to Doctor’s Farmacy. I’m Dr. Mark Hyman and this is a place for conversations that matter. And if you’re like me and you’re looking to live longer and stronger, you’re going to love my conversation today with my longtime friend JJ Virgin. She’s a triple board certified nutrition expert, fitness Hall of Famer, four time New York Times bestselling author. She’s had over three decades of experience in this field and she’s become a trusted authority in nutrition, weight loss, and wellness. She’s the author of four New York Times bestsellers, the Virgin Diet, the Virgin Diet Cookbook, JJ Virgin’s, sugar Impact Diet, and JJ Virgin’s Sugar Impact Diet Cookbook. Her practical and evidence-based approach to health has garnered the recognition from major media outlets making her sought after guests on shows like Dr. Oz. May it Rest in Peace, Rachel Ray, the Doctors, and many others. She’s actively contributes to health and wellness community through speaking and online programs.

Dr. Mark Hyman: In her podcast well Beyond 40. And her expertise extends beyond nutrition and weight loss as she advocates for a holistic approach to health that encompasses mindset, exercise and emotional wellbeing. Now let’s get into what we talked about with JJ today. We had a great conversation. Fat and carbohydrates have been in nutrition headlines for years, and what should you eat? Low fat, low carb, high fat, high carb. And JJ and I dive deep into why protein is actually the macronutrient we need to focus on, not necessarily carbs or protein as much, particularly when it comes to powerful aging to body composition, weight loss and overall health. It’s sort of that neglected nutrient. We dive deep into the relationship between protein intake and muscle growth and maintenance, as well as why muscle is essential to metabolic health, hormonal health, brain health, immune health and longevity. She also explains, and I love this, she calls muscle our metabolic Spanx.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I love that she shares her three keys to aging powerfully. And we discussed the surprising reason why so many people experience resistance to weight loss. Why can’t you lose weight? We’re going to talk about that as we age and our hormones change, it becomes harder, yet even more important to build and maintain muscle. JJ talks about how to start or expand on an exercise routine at any age, and I did that. I didn’t start until I was 59 doing strength training and it’s changed my life now. We explore also the vital role that sleep plays in weight loss and also repair of muscles. It’s not just about going in the gym and pumping iron, it’s also letting your body repair and heal. And JJ shares her non-negotiables when it comes to supplementation as well as her thoughts on living with purpose as you age powerfully. Now let’s dive deep into my conversation

Dr. Mark Hyman: With Virgin. Welcome back on the podcast. jj. So great to have you. How are you doing? I

JJ Virgin: Am great. I’ve missed you.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I miss you too. Was Covid kind of prevented us from hanging out more, but I’m so glad we get to talk today and you and I were just chatting a little bit before the podcast about powerful aging and I wrote a book called Young Forever. You’re coming out with a new one. I dunno what the title is yet, but you really are an example of powerful aging. I remember being in the gym with you 10 years ago and I was like, I’m pretty fit exercise a lot. I was hurting, I was hurting until it took me like a week to recover from being in the gym with you for half an

JJ Virgin: Hour. I know. And you never came back to the gym with me, mark.

Dr. Mark Hyman: No, I was so sore I

JJ Virgin: Couldn’t do it one and done.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So yeah, you said you started training when you were 16. I didn’t start till I was 16, but the good news is you can still make a huge impact. And I noticed my body changed dramatically as I started to change my diet and change my fitness routine to incorporate strength and strength training. And you really have been the leading advocate for this for a long time. And I think your work is so important and your understanding of human physiology, biology, nutrition, how to apply it, how to uplevel your health, how to optimize muscle mass, muscle function, and optimize your diet to enhance all that, you’re like the master of this. And I kind of really look up to you actually in terms of this field because it’s something that often gets neglected in medicine. Who the heck talks about muscle? I never took a course on muscle other than anatomy, and I never really learned what it does and how it’s involved in everything that matters as we age from not only our mobility and functionality, prevention of frailty and falls and all the things that we care about, but also our metabolic health, our hormonal health, our brain health, our immune health.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I mean pretty much everything is connected to muscle. So we’re going to get deep into all things muscle and health and powerful aging today. And I think one of the things that we really see is that particularly women starting in their forties start to kind of lose ground. We notice weight gain, especially around the belly, a level of brain fog, a little fatigue, mood fluctuations, and it’s sort of the opposite of aging powerfully. So what’s going on here? Can you unpack what’s happening and why this happens to people? And by the way, men get it too.

JJ Virgin: Men get it too, but they get a little later. Let’s be honest. And I’m just so excited that muscles finally getting its due. I will tell you back in my real work has always been in exercise science. That’s what I was doing my grad and doctoral work on. But back then, mark, everything was about cardio, right? Yeah. In fact, I was even taught in graduate school to not have someone lift weights until they lost the weight, which couldn’t be more wrong, that couldn’t be more wrong. Now the good news for me in graduate school, number one, I did all my research in graduate school on lifting and developing strength and I was like the rogue student because everything was being funded towards cardio, but I was actually paying my way through graduate and doctoral school. And what I recognized very quickly was that I was not going to get paid as a personal trainer if I was making people worse, especially in Los Angeles where I was doing this and getting people ready for films and stuff, I helped Brandon Ralph with Superman returns.

JJ Virgin: You had to have the results. So now a lot of my clients were in their forties and fifties and men and women. That’s why I say I really see what happens in women in their forties. It’s starting to happen younger now in men because of all of the xenoestrogens and the stress. But it really is something that hits men more in their fifties and maybe early sixties, but in their forties, that’s where women are starting to see estrogen really fluctuate. And boy, you see estrogen starting to fluctuate and starting to decline and all of a sudden you start to become insulin resistant, you start to become hungrier, you start to gain fat, you start to get depressed. All of those things start to happen. Now you look at it and think it’s my metabolism. But I don’t know if you saw that study that came out that showed that really metabolism doesn’t shift much until about 63. And so it’s not really metabolism really.

Dr. Mark Hyman: 63, 63.

JJ Virgin: So this was really interesting. Now you look at metabolism and metabolism, of course you’ve got basal metabolic rate, age, sex, genetics. I look at muscle mass in there and thyroid. And then you’ve got total energy expenditure, which is that plus your activity level throughout the day in thermic effective food. And when you balance that out, it was really about 63 where things started to shift. I think all of that, what’s happening in your forties and fifties is setting ground for that. And I don’t think it has to happen. Look at you now. I would argue that your metabolism is better now than it was in your forties.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, for sure. Don’t you

JJ Virgin: Think?

Dr. Mark Hyman: For sure. I mean, I

JJ Virgin: Think we go to the gym together now and we’d be like, you’d an equal partner in the gym.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, I think I’m getting there. I’m getting there. I still got ways to go, but I do notice that when I don’t do the string training, I notice things drop off and when I’m consistent with it, it’s just incredible what I see in my body, even at 64 years old. So I’m kind of amazed at how the body can at any age actually repair.

JJ Virgin: And this is critical. When I was at USC, I was doing my doctoral work at USC in the Ex V department, but was phy and gerontology and nutrition, and we had people coming in in their seventies, eighties, nineties. And it was crazy to see what they were able to do. And it’s important message for everybody. There is still this thought of, oh my gosh, it’s too late for me. Whereas the reality is that if you were in your sixties or seventies just starting lifting weights, you’re going to see way bigger changes in your body than I’m going to see. Right? Once you’re fit, getting fitter is difficult. Getting to that point, boy, you start to see these big changes which are so motivating. So you look at what’s happening in your forties and fifties because it’s really setting you up either way. And I heard that study from you about how people who have a positive mindset about aging lives seven and a half years longer.

JJ Virgin: And you went, all right, well, that’s an easy one. I’ll have that. I’ll take that. And what it really came down to then to me is well, that’s a choice. It’s a choice to be excited about aging or to fear it. So what if in your forties and fifties you went, okay, my choice is that I’m going to be able to play full out in my eighties and nineties, and so I better train for it. Now I can start to offset what is happening with estrogen because estrogen’s really going to create insulin resistance, less muscle mass. But if I can offset what’s happening with the hormones, with diet, with exercise, with lifestyle and potentially hormone replacement therapy, then I don’t have to go through that. I’ll just skip that piece, which we can do.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, it’s so interesting. And what also you sort of talk about is just these changes that are avoidable changes in our sex hormones, like the change in estrogen mentioned, the drop in testosterone, the change in our thyroid, insulin and stress hormones, all of these are basically regulated in part by the quality and amount and health of our muscle, which something I really never learned in medical school. So can you talk more about even

JJ Virgin: When we talk muscle, we don’t talk quality muscle. When you look at muscle, you’ve got muscle size, which we all talk about, oh, you’ve got less muscle. But what about the strength of the muscle? How about the power of the muscle? When you really look at the statistics of what happens with aging, we lose muscle and they say now it’s like starting around 30, you start to lose it. But let’s say 40 plus, it’s up to 1% a year, but strength is two to 4% a year, and power is six to 8% a year. And so here’s interesting about this, the way you train when you look at exercise, I think one of the biggest challenges we have with exercise is it’s this huge category. And so exercise could mean going out for a walk, although I’d argue once you’re conditioned, that’s not exercise. It’s activity important but different. In order for something for me to be count as exercise, it needs to be progressively overloading so that your body will adapt and get better. But the way you train to build muscle is different than the way you train to build strength, which is different than the way you trained to build power. So all of it can get really, you really can unpack that

Dr. Mark Hyman: Confusing. That sounds a little confusing. So can you unpack that? It sounds like three different things. And does that mean you have to do three different kinds of training or how does it work?

JJ Virgin: Well, I’d love to start back from, okay, if you’re listening to this, and I kind of divided people into buckets, the person who’s really doing not much of anything, the person who maybe just walks the person who’s going to a group X, like yoga or Pilates, and the person who is athletic and doing a lot of different things, and I think the first place we really need to start is to get that eight to 12,000 steps in a day, which that range. Now, sure more is better, but there’s this bell-shaped curve. And when you get to I think 8,000 steps a day, you reduce your cardiovascular risk factor by something like 46%. Then it’s 64% at 12,000 then starts to just kind of drape off. So the very first thing is, geez, we just need to move more because what I don’t want to do is have someone go, okay, I’m going to exercise. They exercise 20 minutes a day and sit the rest of the time. Yeah,

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. Today I’m sitting,

JJ Virgin: I’m sitting too. I have my standup desk and I’m sitting. Okay. However, I do have a walking treadmill under my standup desk over here. I

Dr. Mark Hyman: Just think it’s

JJ Virgin: Weird to do that on a

Dr. Mark Hyman: Podcast. I see people with these bicycle things under their feet. So under the desk it was kind of bicycle all day underneath.

JJ Virgin: Well, there was that study that showed that people who did gastric anemia like calf raises all day long actually had better blood sugar control just calf raises while they were sitting. But who the heck’s going to do that? But anyway, back over to that. So let’s go. Let’s get the activity in. We’ve got all these fitness trackers now. So just look at your aura ring, apple watch, whoop, Fitbit, whatever. Just do that. And I like Mark to start with one thing at a time. Because if you give people a whole lot of things to do, what do they do?

Dr. Mark Hyman: Nothing,

JJ Virgin: Nothing, nothing. So I always go, what’s the thing? So after you’ve got that done, my next place to go is just a very functional resistance training routine because you will build muscle and strength when you first start. We don’t have to get as fancy there. And when I look at training, we need to think of training as something that we’re doing to get better at life, not to get better at training. And so ideally, we want this to be as functional as possible. Thinking about what would I really like to be able to do when I’m 80 and 90? When I lived in Palm Springs, I went to see a client and I said, what are your big, she was an 85-year-old woman. She goes, I want to make sure that I can keep wearing my stilettos and dancing. And I’m like, I love you.

JJ Virgin: Okay, let’s do that. And so what do you want to do at 80 and 90? I want to be able to get off the toilet by myself. What about you? I mean, you think about the things. I want to be able to pick something up off the floor. So in looking at that, we need to do those activities in the gym in a controlled environment. And I find that as we age, we tend to do less, which means we can do less. So we do less and less and less. But if you went in there and you started to do great ranges of motion, things like squats and deadlifts and bent over rows and pushups of things and pullups the things you think you can never do, but boy will those make a major difference. And the first thing you focus on when you go in is you focus on form.

JJ Virgin: Because when people talk about going to failure, going to fatigue, it’s the form that stops you. You never push past that, right? So when we’re in the gym, and I’ll tell you in all the years, and I started lifting weights at 16 with the high school football team, I have never gotten hurt in the gym. I’ve never, ever, no, I’ve gotten hurt one time in the gym because there was a piece of broken equipment and they didn’t have an out of order sign. I literally flew over it. That’s the only time I got hurt, a piece of broken equipment. Other than that, I have a tend, but it’s all tend form. It’s all form, it’s all, it protects you from getting hurt in life. And so when you think about what happens as we age, we lose muscle size, strength, power, that size is going to protect our bones.

JJ Virgin: The minute we start resistance training, we start to become more insulin sensitive with the, what is it now, 6.8% of the population metabolically healthy. I’d argue it’s probably less than that because I think the norms are off insulin sensitivity. You can start restoring it so quickly just by starting to lift weights. And then you look at flexibility, balance, range of motion, all of these things when you’re doing more functional exercises like a squat, like a deadlift, like a pushup, those require your core. Those require some balance and proprioception, it’s huge. So that’s where you start with someone. Once you get past the initial training, and I built out a program that is, here’s how you start. Here are the simplest things that you can do to get started. Here’s how you start. If you’ve got bad knees or bad back. And here’s the other thing I would argue, if you have bad knees or bad back, it’s even more of a reason you need to be doing these things. Early on, when I was an early exercise physiologist, the way they taught us back then, they said, if you have a bad back, you should just do abs. And I pushed back, I go, but if you have weak back muscles, why would you ignore them and strengthen your abdominal muscles? You would reciprocally inhibit your back muscles and make yourself worse, not better. So we need to work through these things again in a controlled environment so we don’t hurt ourselves in life.

Dr. Mark Hyman: It’s true, actually what you’re saying is so hitting home for me, because I had back surgery in 2020 and I was a mess. I had a bleed into my spine. The surgery went okay, but then there was a complication with bleeding and everything was so off, and I had so much pain, I could barely walk. I was just miserable. And I started training with Tom Brady’s team, the TB 12 system and the physical therapist, and I was like, wow. I realized how much of my system wasn’t balanced and how I wasn’t in symmetry in many ways and how I actually was weak in areas I didn’t know I was weak. And so I began this training program and I noticed that my back pain got better and I felt better. And now I can do everything and I’m great. And it’s kind of a surprise.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I was like, well, you think, oh, well, you don’t want to lift weights, you don’t want to stress yourself. You don’t want to hurt your back. But if you do it properly, you can do it even if you have injuries. And particularly when I have an injury, even more important, when I have an injury, if I did something stupid with tennis or I tore my rotator cuff, I literally can train myself through it and out of it by doing proper exercises that help strengthen all the right muscles in the right way so that I can actually recover faster from the injury. So I think it’s people often stop, and this is really important for people to listen to. When you have something wrong, it’s usually beginning the end. People stop, oh, I hurt myself, or I can’t do this, or I can’t do that. Instead of going, wait, I need to figure out how to recover from this with the proper training so I don’t hurt myself and I prevent this from happening in the future.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I jumped off a golf cart to save my fiance and she hit her head and cracked right open and I twisted my knee and I never had any knee issues and I tore my meniscus, but I was supposed to call trekking in Nepal, and I was like, oh, shoot, I’m have to cancel the trip. I’m worried about it. But I called up my guy and he’s like, Nope, let’s go through these exercises. And I started all these different kinds of knee strengthening exercises, the muscles around it, and I was fine. So I think the body has this incredible capacity. So jj, I want to dig a little bit to three things that you talk a lot about that are the keys to powerfully aging or aging powerfully mindset and a few other things. So can you talk about what those things are? And then let’s dig into all these a little bit more.

JJ Virgin: I’ve done this very carefully because I always like to make it so simple and memorable. When I first started introducing these, I actually was speaking in the Maldives. Someone asked me to come speak in the Maldives. What do you say when someone asks you to come speak in the Maldives? You say yes, right? Sure, absolutely. So one of the things that I taught was to eat protein first. And it was such so much fun. I was then at the buffet and everyone’s meandering around the buffet saying, eat protein first. I’m like, perfect. So there’s these three things that are so easy to remember and so

Dr. Mark Hyman: Powerful. Eat protein first. Eat

JJ Virgin: Protein first. And I’ll tell you why I say that. Lift heavy things. And I always get asked, how much should I lift? And I go, it depends what’s heavy for you. And then the final one, it was funny when I first did this, so I was like, sleep like a baby. And then I went, wait a minute, my kids never slept through the night. So it’s sleep through the night. Those three things, they’re really bigger, like sleep through the night really is talking more about recovery. We build muscle in recovery, not at the gym actually, but I’d love to dig into the first one because the wild

Dr. Mark Hyman: Thing, protein first.

JJ Virgin: Yeah. Here’s why I’m saying this. And there’s so much cool research coming out now about protein because for the longest time, think about it, because you and I have been in this world together. What now? 30 plus years. I mean, I’ve been at it for 40 years.

Dr. Mark Hyman: You still look the same. I dunno.

JJ Virgin: I think you look better. I you’ve always looked great and you just keep getting better. You’re like wine, there you go. Anyway, the reason I’m looking at this is I thought, gosh, you look at so many of the diet programs out there, and they talk about manipulating what I call the energy macros, carbs or fat, and they don’t talk about protein. But what’s so interesting is when you manipulate protein, like I’m thinking of one study I just looked at where all they did was they had one group that were 15% protein. One group that was 25% protein calories stayed the same, their weight stayed the same after 12 weeks. However, the 25% protein group put on two and a half kilograms might’ve been three kilograms of lean mass. They dropped two kilograms of fat mass, waist circumference went down. Wow. Right? Wow. No exercise, no changing calories.

JJ Virgin: And then I’ve got a buddy here living in Florida. We have a University of South Florida nearby, and the only physique and performance lab in the country is here. And it’s run by Dr. Bill Campbell. And this is all of his research is around protein. He likes to study women, and that’s what he’s found is if all he does is push protein up with taking it away from fat or carbs, doesn’t matter that people start to hold onto or build more muscle, lose fat. Now, the reason I focus on this is number one, because I keep hearing from people I can’t get that much protein in. And I developed a protein calculator to help people figure out what that is. But I think a safe thing is one gram per pound of target body weight. But they’re like, how do you eat that much protein? Well, have you heard of the protein leverage hypothesis?

Dr. Mark Hyman: No. Tell me about it. Okay,

JJ Virgin: So Heimer and Simpson, so these were locust researchers out of Australia and

Dr. Mark Hyman: What they did You say Locust, locust, locust, locust, likelike insects. You mean like yes, grass little buds. Yes,

JJ Virgin: Those. So they

Dr. Mark Hyman: Can’t say, I’m up on my locust research. I

JJ Virgin: Can’t believe you don’t know about this. Anyway, so they found it locust and they found it in rodents. Now they found it in humans. And when I was reading this, I went, oh, you’ll get this. Immediately. What it shows is that we will continue to eat until we have enough protein that our body will do this, which can cause us, if we’re eating a lower protein diet with more especially ultra processed foods or fat and carbs, we’ll overeat in order to get adequate protein,

Dr. Mark Hyman: Protein leverage type all the wrong places.

JJ Virgin: Well, and especially think about this. When you eat these ultra processed umami foods that trick your body into thinking it’s tasting more protein, ultra processed foods, you tend to eat 500 more calories a day. So first of all, that’s one reason I want people to eat protein first. But the other pieces are this, and I created the seven day protein challenge where all they do is don’t change anything else. Just figure out how much protein you should be eating using my protein calculator. Put that in, track it and let me know how you feel better satiety, because we know that protein’s the most satiating macronutrient slows down stomach empty. We know it’s also the most thermic like protein. 20 to 30% of the calories from protein are expended in the digestion and assimilation of protein versus five to 10% for carbs, basically negligible for fat. So we’ve got that, yes,

Dr. Mark Hyman: But I heard that you basically burn about 7% more calories when you eat protein. It takes so much work to actually metabolize and digest the protein.

JJ Virgin: And you think about it in our total energy expenditure for the day, what can we manipulate? Because basal metabolic rate, we can manipulate over time by adding more muscle mass. So we avoid that metabolic adaptation that you saw with the biggest losers where they ended up at the end of their time at the ranch with a metabolic adaptation where they were 500 calories lower than they should have been based on their weight, which is what we never want to have happen.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Meaning the metabolism slows down because you lose muscle and fat, and if you don’t keep the muscle up, you end up having a slower metabolism at the end of the weight loss, which is not good. Exactly.

JJ Virgin: Which not, I mean, how would you ever be able to maintain it then? And then you go back up. So thermic, the total energy expenditure is activity, that exercise plus activity, and then food. So if we’re pushing up protein and dropping carbs and fat, just like Dr. Bill Campbell did and saw people lose fat without changing their total calories. So it’s an easy

Dr. Mark Hyman: Wait. You mean all calories are not the same?

JJ Virgin: Oh, come on. Well, all calories are the same, but where they come from isn’t when you look at it, okay, a unit of

Dr. Mark Hyman: A

JJ Virgin: Of calorie

Dr. Mark Hyman: Calorie in a lab, but not when you eat it,

JJ Virgin: But not when you eat it. You and I have been arguing this forever, and boy did we get our butts kicked early on, didn’t we?

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, yeah. Gosh. Still it’s still amazing how many people are stuck on the old ideas, calories a calories a calorie, and it doesn’t matter where they come from, if it’s Coca-Cola or a ribeye steak or olive oil, it’s all the same.

JJ Virgin: Yeah. Yep. So you’ve got all of that. You’ve got the trigger for muscle protein synthesis. But I think just in terms of diet alone, looking at the popularity of the GLP one agonist, what is one of the big things that GLP one agonists are helping us with is hunger and cravings.

JJ Virgin: What is the big thing that protein helps with? Hunger. Hunger and cravings. It’s a GLP one agonist, right? So what if we were to, and we know as we age, we have anabolic resistance. We know already that the RDA is about half of what we should have, and that right now, I think it’s 46% of the population doesn’t hit the RDA, which is half of what we should have and that we should have, I just was reading one study, it said we should be 67% higher than the RDAI go, but no one’s hitting the RDA. So we

Dr. Mark Hyman: Need to just so people understand what that is, that means the minimum amount of protein you need to not end up having a protein deficiency disease. It’s not the optimal amount you need for health or for muscle building. And that probably is double that. So I think people just kind of misunderstand these guidelines. What is the RDA for vitamin C? It’s the amount you need so you don’t get scurvy. It doesn’t mean the amount you need for optimal collagen formation or proper immune function or many other functions of vitamin C.

JJ Virgin: It’s interesting though, there’s just still a lot of fear around protein. And when I had Dr. Bill Campbell come over to tape a podcast here, since he’s local, and he said How much protein you’re eating, I’m like, oh, one to one and a half grams per pound of target body weight. He goes, every single lean woman I’ve ever worked with has eaten that type of protein amounts, every single one. And so once you know that success leaves clues, it’s like, why make this hard on yourself? Who can white knuckle themselves through? And the challenge is when you look at diets and look at the average diet out there, this is the big argument about GLP one agonists, but my argument about that is that’s any poorly designed diet, you’re going to lose a lot of fat-free mass, of which some of that skeletal muscle mass and good luck getting it back. It’s like 35% of the weight loss can be from fat-free mass, but not, yeah.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And in English, that means when you lose the weight, you lose not just fat, but you lose muscle, which is really a problem because then your metabolism slows down. And this is what the drugs, the GLP one agonists that ozempic do, they basically cause about 40% of the weight loss as muscle. And so unless you’re really rigorous about strength training and massive amounts of protein, and it’s hard to kind of prevent that.

JJ Virgin: But I’ve now seen enough people go on these and not have that effect because, and here’s my thought, if I was the benevolent dictator of the GLP one agonists, I would say, you cannot have this unless you’re going to do a DEXA scan every three months, and you are going to make sure that you’re eating one gram or more per pound of target body weight and you’re doing resistance training. And a lot of that’s to overcome that anabolic resistance that happens as we age, where we now can’t trigger muscle protein synthesis like we used to with protein. So we need more to push that threshold.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That’s exactly right. So back up a little bit on this whole idea of the protein leverage hypothesis. I’m not sure I completely got that, or the listeners completely got that. What does that mean? What are the practical implications of it? And then we can go into anabolic resistance because I think that’s important.

JJ Virgin: Okay. So with the muscle protein leverage hypotheses, if you are not getting enough protein, you’ll keep eating to get to that level of protein. So if you’re not eating protein specifically, let’s say you sit down, you have a big plate of pasta and maybe it has a couple shrimp on it and you’re having some bread, you’ll overeat on that until your body goes, oh, okay, I got enough protein. Whereas if you sat down and ate a plate of salmon, and just think about this at a restaurant, if you sat down at a restaurant and you had a big grass fed filet, and then they came by with another grass fed filet and they go, Hey, it’s on the house, it’s your birthday. You’d be like, yeah, no thanks.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Right? Well, is that restaurant in Texas where if you could eat, I think it’s a 70 ounce steak or something, you can eat it for free. You can eat the whole thing.

JJ Virgin: It said no one ever. But yet they could eat the same amount of calories, I’m sure in cake, bread and pasta, and you can have your little pasta meal and then they’ll wheel by the dessert cart and say, oh, the dessert’s on the house.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So what you’re basically saying is that we’re going to keep eating until we feel satisfied, and if we eat protein, it’s going to make us feel satisfied, so we won’t need to eat so much. So since we’ll reduce our overall calorie count and intake, which will help us metabolically lose weight,

JJ Virgin: And there’s more. So there was another study that came out that showed that people who eat protein first actually make better food choices. They tend to eat more vegetables, they tend to do better. So I just looked at this and went, well, what if I love the little hinges that swing the big doors. What is one simple thing you can do that all of a sudden you’ll notice a difference and notice a difference quickly? That was virgin diet. Oh, if you pull out dairy, gluten, corn, literally the thing with the virgin diet is it forced you to pull out ultra processed foods and people felt better. It’s like, wow, surprise. But with this one, I’m not even saying, Hey, cut out that other stuff. All I’m saying is eat protein first. And I’ll tell you a funny story. I had this client, this gal, a friend of mine, she’s like, okay, I’m ready.

JJ Virgin: She’s right on the verge of morbidly obese. And she’s like, I’m ready to do something. I’m like, okay. So I was like, get a dexa, gave her a workout program with resistance training and hi training protein, gave her all the stuff, gave her too many things, I will admit. And she goes, okay. She didn’t do anything except she said, I did the protein. So she pushed out some of the garbage ultra processed foods. I didn’t tell her to do that. I said, just she ate the protein and she started doing resistance training two days a week. And as we know, diet’s the biggest lever for really helping with the fat loss shift. She lost 25 pounds in six months. That was the only change. Now she’s ready to go to the next step. But I thought this is really an easy way to meet someone where they’re at, where all you’re focusing. And it might be a week, maybe it’s a month, maybe it’s like her and it’s six months. Who cares? It’s until you get that one really dialed. And guess what, once that’s dialed and you go, now I’m ready. I think about this. It’s not just critical for being able to hold onto muscle as you lose fat, but it’s also critical for being able to neutralize toxins that are released in your body fat when you are ready to start to think about it. I look

Dr. Mark Hyman: At these, can you explain it for everybody?

JJ Virgin: Well, this makes me nuts. And it just literally came up yesterday. I was talking to someone and they go, oh yeah, my wife and I are on a juice cleanse. I go, you’re a doctor. What are you doing? I go, so you’re activating all those toxins, but then you don’t have the amino acids from protein to neutralize them so that you can then excrete them. And so when you think about it, here we are storing toxins away in our fat so that we protect our body, and then we decide we are going to go on a fat loss program and we’ll do a calorically restricted juice cleanse, except we’ve just freed up those toxins and we don’t have the neutralizing agents on board.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. I think, just to stop on that for a sec. When I began learning about functional medicine and learning about detox pathways, very scientific. Here’s phase one detox, phase two detox. Here’s all these pathways that you need to mobilize toxins, excrete them. And phase two detox pathways are gluc, reation, lysine, conjugation, acetylation, methylation. These are all needing amino acids to do these detox mechanisms. So it’s literally not having the basic ingredients to process the release of the toxins. And just for everybody’s reminder, we’re basically cesspools. If you do fat biopsies on all of us, you would see enormous loads of these environmental toxins, whether it’s pesticides, phthalates, PCBs, doxins, all stored in our tissue because we live in a toxic world and it gets stored in our fat. And so when you start mobilizing fat, these come out and actually there’s a phenomena that happens people need to know about where there’s a resistance to weight loss.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And part of that resistance is because of how these toxins affect our metabolism and how they slow our thyroid down and how they basically screw us up as we’re starting to lose weight. So we kind of get some ground going and then we stop. And that’s partly because of the detox issue. And I think the protein concept here that you’re talking about is using these proteins to support the amino acid needs of our phase two detox pathways. So I think it’s, it’s a little geeky scientific, but this is not just some like, oh, detox, I’m going to a detox spa or get a wheat CREs enema. This is actually very scientific here. And actually what we do in functional medicine is understand how to activate these various pathways with the right nutrients and the right amino acids, and it’s so critical for our health

JJ Virgin: And it is such a nutrient dense activity. And it’s not talked about, you look at all of these weight loss clinics, and I’m like, they’re never talking about this piece of the other part of that. And when I was so deep into weight loss resistance, I found that research you just talked about by tremble, I think in Montreal about how our body temperature would shift down in order for us to hold onto that fat so that we wouldn’t release these toxins if we couldn’t excrete them. So this is a thing that’s like when you really look at it, you go, right, I want to hold onto, or better yet, we should be focusing on building as much muscles we possibly can. That is my big focus now is I want to go into my seventies, eighties, nineties with as much muscle as possible, quality muscle, strong, powerful. And that’s

Dr. Mark Hyman: A really important message, jj. I mean, that is a stop there. What you just said is sort of the key take home here is that you want to go into your older years with lots of muscle. The more you have, the more you’ll be able to do, the higher function you’ll have in life, the better metabolic health. The list is disease you’ll have, the more you’re able to do what you love to do. I mean, it’s fine getting older. If you have a great mind, you want to sit in a wheelchair and read your books, fine. But I think a lot of us just want to be able to do stuff. And why not play tennis when you’re a hundred years old? And why not ride a horse? Why not do the things that actually you love? Because your body can, and if we start to lose a muscle and we don’t provide the antidote, which is protein and strength training, it’s going to happen. It’s just going to happen, I assume. Well,

JJ Virgin: And you’re not even going to be sitting in the wheelchair reading your books because we know that exercise is probably one that is, I’m going to say is the best thing we can do to keep that, to avoid cognitive decline, I mean of being F alpha. We need to exercise for that. It’s super important. And it also gives us that margin of error. I call muscle your metabolic Spanx. It holds everything in tighter. And I say that because so many women market still love that, love that every day I get hit on Instagram by this. I don’t want to get big. And I go, I have been working this.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, right, I hear that. Right? I hear that right,

JJ Virgin: Because I’ve been really pushing on creatine. I hope you’re taking it. But I’ve been really pushing on creatine. That’s this morning they’re so afraid that they’re going to get big. And I go, first of all, you want to put on muscle, but I will tell you, and it’s interesting, since I’ve been really pushing on putting muscle, I decided for my 60th that I was going to get into the best shape of my life. I’m actually back where I was in my early twenties before I tried the vegan diet, which completely trashed me. But before that, I’m back to that place. But I think I’m actually even stronger than that now than I was back then, which is crazy. But what I hear, and in putting on more muscle, I’m actually having trouble keeping weight on, and so is my husband. We weigh ourselves every day and I’m like, I’m 10 pounds less than I used to be and I’m having trouble keeping weight on.

JJ Virgin: It’s crazy because your muscle’s metabolically active tissue and it makes you very insulin sensitive. And it’s also a sugar sponge. So you want carbohydrate to go into your muscles to sit there so they can be energy for your exercise sessions. You don’t want them to be going on your belly to create that belly fat that as estrogen goes down, women will tend to shift from having fat on their thighs and butt to a belly where they can produce estrogen. So we want to avoid that visceral adipose tissue and resistance training and high intensity interval training are super key for that too. So metabolic span, sugar sponge,

Dr. Mark Hyman: Love it. So the other thing you talk about is anabolic resistance. Before we get into the next steps of your three-step program, I want to talk about this. It’s something that most of us don’t realize as we get older, it’s harder to put on muscle because when you’re younger, you have a lot of hormonal inputs that support that your sex hormones, your thyroid hormone, and things tend to change hormonally as you get older. So what is anabolic resistance? What do we do about it? And give us the down low?

JJ Virgin: Yeah, so in your twenties, up until your twenties, teens, twenties, a lot of your muscle hypertrophy is hormonally driven. And then we start to rely much more on our diet nutrition and specifically, and this is Dr. Donald Lehman. I think you’ve had him on the podcast. Of course I have. Yeah, leucine. And that leucine trigger of 2.5 to three grams of leucine to start to trigger muscle protein synthesis. So our body, our muscles go through a process just like our bones do. We break down, we build up. And so we go through muscle protein synthesis to build a muscle protein breakdown. So you want to get rid of the old stuff, get bring in the new stuff just like our mitochondria do. And ideally as we age, one thing that happens as we age is we do more breakdown and less buildup. So that’s a problem.

JJ Virgin: We’re losing muscle mass. We don’t want that. We want it to be even. Or if you’re building muscle, you better have more muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown as we age. Now, this is driven by two things, resistance training and amino acids. And as we age, our body gets worse at using those amino acids to trigger muscle protein synthesis. So we have to push harder. And in fact, I was just listening to Dr. Stacy Sims, who’s amazing exercise physiologist and nutrition scientist who talks a lot about women all through their lifespan and was saying, women, really 50, 60 plus should be doing at least 40 grams of protein at breakfast. I look at this and I go, if we think about it, we go to bed. So now we’re going to do muscle protein breakdown as we sleep. We should in the morning, make sure that that first meal really hits hard so that we can trigger muscle protein synthesis.

JJ Virgin: So how much is that? 30 grams, 40 grams, 50 grams. I think some of it depends on, you get better at this as you do resistance training. I haven’t seen this yet, mark. I am dying to see the difference between a woman or a man on HRT and and what’s going on here. Think about it. I had been on estrogen, progesterone, testosterone since, remember when my son got hit and everything went sideways. So 49 years old, my son is in a near fatal car accident. And fortunately all my friends around me are hormone docs. And so everyone was helping me because everything went sideways. So I’ve always been on, I’ve never been in that place where estrogen just went into the toilet. I’ve always been replaced. But it would be interesting to look at the difference. I think the Women’s health Initiative just really did women a disservice.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, no, it was permanent. Provera wasn’t

JJ Virgin: What a disaster. And so you look at it and go, well, if estrogen’s really this driver for muscle, like testosterone is for men, could you offset a lot of these things that we think happen with aging? Maybe they don’t have to happen as much. And then you combine it with getting that optimal protein. Now we know that the more resistance trained you are and the more quality muscle you have, the better you’re going to be here. You’re not. So I’m going to assume though, is if you’re just starting out, you’re not well-trained, make sure I’d rather see you air on the side of too much protein than not enough. I think that’s high risk.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So basically the idea is as you get older, you don’t actually respond to protein the same way. So you actually need more protein.

JJ Virgin: And then we also don’t have as good a digestion. Think about it, our stomach acid’s lower. We’re not breaking down protein as well. Our appetite supposedly is lower. We’re not eating as much. So all

Dr. Mark Hyman: Of those, and I think the eat protein first thing is so important too, JJ, for the morning, I think people don’t understand that when you eat protein on a fasted state after training, you’ll have the most impact of building muscle. It’s like turns on the engine, like boom, right? It’s just

JJ Virgin: Going to crank mTOR. So here’s interesting too on faceted versus non faceted workouts. And we can also talk about time restrictive feeding or intermittent fasting, all of that world, and it’s different for men and women, but fasted workouts versus non fasted workouts. And I think the big thing that came out way back when about this, and I remember hearing it and going, well, that’s dumb. And it was all about, well, you want to work out fasted so you burn more fat. And I go, but the reality is, and I was wearing a CGM during my workouts, see how high I can get my blood sugar to go? And I was crank. I got it up to two 20 and I was like, right. I was just pushing it. If you are doing high intensity work, hard lifts, high intensity work, you are not using fat, you don, you’re not.

JJ Virgin: You’re using either your fossa, creatine system or you’re using glucose glycogen. So this whole idea that we should go into a workout fast so we burn more fat, I’m like, no, you burn fat when you’re sitting around. When you’re walking around at the lower level states is when you’re going to preferentially burn fat. And the reality is what we want to be really good is burning stored body fat. So we have to be a car that can shift from body fat to fat to carbs. We need to be able to use all the different fuel sources. And in the challenge I have with fasted workouts is I tested it all out. I’m always my first Guinea pig. My workouts were 30% less

Dr. Mark Hyman: When I fast When you were fasted, really? I just couldn’t. So what do you need before you work out?

JJ Virgin: So I always like to be my own Guinea pig. So I tested for a month doing fasted workouts, and then I went in and I could push so much harder. So here’s how I designed this, and this is really

Dr. Mark Hyman: Fasted. When you weren’t fasting, you could

JJ Virgin: When I was not fasted. Now I’m kind of obsessed with Dr. Sachin Panda’s work. I think it just makes sense that you should eat based on your chronobiology. So eating about two hours after I wake up, I like to wake up, meditate, cold plunge, red light, and we just got to really fast on us so we can do some cold heat, cold heat. And I do that in the morning. I don’t want to do a cold plunge after my weight workout and blunt the muscle protein synthesis situation. So then I eat and I like to eat about two hours after I wake up, and then I will go to the gym about an hour or two after that. So that’s my perfect world when I can do it is that is waiting about two hours after I wake up to eat, letting everything wake up and then stopping eating two to three hours before bed. I like to do three to four, but sometimes it’s the worst cases. Two but better is three to four. But here’s the thing,

Dr. Mark Hyman: That’s tough. I hear you. I love that routine and I love it. But the truth is,

JJ Virgin: It’s said in a perfect

Dr. Mark Hyman: World, in a work day, I got to wake up, work out, and then have my shake. And if I have something before I out, I’m like, I feel like I can’t really

JJ Virgin: Exercise. And that’s why it just depends on the person. I can do cardio, fine, I can go do a HIIT workout, it’s not going to hit me. But resistance training is very different. And so you

Dr. Mark Hyman: Should have something, even a little something before you eat.

JJ Virgin: I’d say test it out, maybe just a little bit of a protein carb hit. Not the fat, but a little protein carb hit. Just see what it does for you. Even if it was like a hundred calories. I also been taking, I do creatine every day. I think creatine, especially for women, is one of the most important things that you can do. I love to put a pin in that and talk about that, but I want to go back to fasted workouts. They actually compared fasted non-fat workouts and fat body fat expenditure. And they were equal, like your body corrected, so it didn’t matter. So if people are doing

Dr. Mark Hyman: You were fasted or nonfat, you mean,

JJ Virgin: Right? So I think you really have to look at your life, your schedule, how you feel, and how hard you can work out because it is always going to be that quality of the workout that matters most, right? I mean especially for when you’re looking at building muscle, which is different than building strength or building power. But hypertrophy training is really the volume that you can do and the progressive overload of that.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So it can be multiple reps volume or it can be heavy weights, lower volume. This is a total load, you mean?

JJ Virgin: Yeah. When I was in school, it was if you wanted to build strength, it was one to five reps. If you wanted to build muscle, it was eight to 15 reps. Now we know there’s way broader spectrum mainly for strength exercises, which I don’t have someone doing until they have a good foundation, a good hypertrophy foundation strength is three to five sets, three to five reps, three to five minutes breaks. It’s really heavy and it’s as hard as you can go until your form starts to go sideways. And when I do strength work, I prefer to do it on machines. It’s just safer. A leg press is going to be a way safer situation than a squat. So hypertrophy training can be anywhere from six to 30 reps. I mean there’s a huge range. Now I personally don’t have time to do multiple sets of 30 reps, and nor do I like it. It’s not fun. So I still think that eight to 12 rep range. But the important thing is if you’re continuing to progress about 10% a week and every once I like to every eight to 12 weeks, take a little what we call a deload week. But if you’re doing that, there’s a lot of different ways you can do it. How do you progress if you can’t get the weights heavier, add another set, add more reps? There’s all sorts of ways to progress that you can do.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So you kind of talked about this sort of strain training. So now we’ve talked about the diet eat protein first. I think that makes sense. And let’s talk about the strength training piece. You’re talking about lifting heavy things, building muscle. So it’s muscle strength, muscle power. And there was a third thing you mentioned high protein.

JJ Virgin: So it’s size, strength, power. And the reason this is important is we want quality muscle. And so quality muscle means you have filets, not rib eyes. We don’t want fat infiltrated muscles. And this is where it gets really important. Mark and I will take it to the story, and Tim doesn’t mind me telling everyone he was a skinny fat. He was a normal weight, what they call normal weight obesity. He was 25% body fat. We went to do dexus,

Dr. Mark Hyman: And

JJ Virgin: I was the same DEXA at 59, same body fat, same weight at 59 that I was at 39, which is remarkable and that’s what you want. But the challenges for most of us as we’re aging, if we’re losing up to 1% of muscle a year and our weight stays the same, it’s not the same weight. And it’s ridiculous to me nowadays that you go to a doctor’s office and they put you on a scale looking at total cholesterol. It is a meaningless, silly number. So you would’ve looked at Tim and never guessed that this guy,

Dr. Mark Hyman: No, I didn’t know that.

JJ Virgin: No. You know, two look like brothers. You have the same body type everything. And all of a sudden, but he was always, but I’m

Dr. Mark Hyman: 10% body fat

JJ Virgin: And I think he is now too. And here’s the funny part. I was telling him to do this stuff and he was doing it about 80%. And then he gets to the dexa and it wasn’t me saying, Hey, look at that. He had the dexa. And so the DEXA showed that he had 25% body fat. What I love about a DEXA is we think of them for bone mineral density, but they’re incredible for showing you where your body fat is. If you’ve got visceral adipose tissue, where your skeletal muscle is, is it even? And it’s very actionable. So I think we should be doing this every six months. It’s inexpensive. It’s really easy to find these things. And then what you do is you go home, you get an inexpensive bio impedance machine for home that looks at your total body water, not that accurate.

JJ Virgin: You take the average over time, but you can see the trends and that’s all you’re looking at. It’s just like, is your aura ring going to be as accurate as doing some kind of a sleep study? No, but it gives you trends. So we’re just looking at the trends. You do that you do a tape measure once a week, actually have a Bluetooth tape measure and a Bluetooth scale. So everything just reports into my phone so I can see trends and that way you can tell as you are doing things, is my skeletal muscle mass increasing? Is my visceral adipose tissue decreasing? Am I going in the right direction or not? Because if you are doing a program and you’re continuing to lose muscle, something isn’t working here. And again, like we said, you really want to be looking at the goal being how do I pack on as much muscle as possible?

JJ Virgin: And if you’re a woman listening and that just made you gasp and go, I don’t want to get big, we would be lucky to put on a pound of muscle a month. If you put on a pound of muscle a month for every month, I can tell you what happens. I had a client like this. She came in total normal weight, 25% body fat, which is at the upper edge to me of where a woman should be, had always done cardio and some Pilates had never done resistance training. She wanted to lose 10 pounds. Well, over the course of a year, she lost 10 pounds of fat. She put on 10 pounds of muscle, she went down two clothing sizes, she went to 18% body fat. She looked amazing. But you know what, mark, she wanted to lose 10 pounds at the end of the year.

JJ Virgin: She was still like, but I want to lose 10 pounds. I’m like, you lost 10 pounds of fat. You are actually two clothing sizes smaller. You can eat more, you feel better. It’s this thing women, we need to get over this. And that’s why I really want to get off of using the scale ever as anything. You have to do body composition and you have to see it as a biometric tool. And we got to get off this whole chasing weight. If we chase building muscle, we will become more insulin sensitive, we’ll have a better metabolism. We’ll be able to burn fat, we’ll improve everything and we won’t make ourselves crazy and shamed in the process.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That’s just amazing. I think so. So many myths. You’re busting jj. It’s crazy. I think I want to loop back on what you were saying a little bit earlier about body composition because, so we went by it pretty fast and I think this is really important. A lot of people talk about the body positive movement, healthy at any weight, and it does okay, it can be metabolically healthy. And I think there’s a lot of challenges with that. And I think people say, well, don’t focus on BMI. It’s not that accurate. Your body mass index don’t focus on the scale. It’s not accurate. And I believe that’s true because what really matters is your body composition. If you’re Shaquille O’Neal, your body mass index is 35. It doesn’t mean you’re obese. It means you’re a giant with tons of muscle. So it really depends on the composition of your body and where the muscle and fat is and how much muscle you have and how much fat you have.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And it’s really hard to know that by looking at a scale or looking at a body mass index. So what really I want you to do is unpack is sort of what we’re looking for on this DEXA scan. This is a test that you use for bone density, but it’s a machine that also does body composition. It’s a different software, but essentially it’s a less than a chest, less than one flight from New York to la. And it’s a really important test to determine where you’re at in your metabolic health. So talk about this subtle idea of a body audit and what’s going on and how do we tell us about Vicky because I think she was a key person that you wrote about.

JJ Virgin: Yeah, I know the two there. But just like you do a macro audit where you track your food so that you can see how many calories you actually really do consume, I think that the stats are, we overestimate underestimate by like 25, 40%. We want to do the same thing. We really got to understand what our weight is made up of. And I’ll tell you what, this is a very empowering thing because there is nothing more frustrating than thinking you’ve been really good and then getting on the scale and nothing changed. Or you went up a pound and everyone has done this and geez, maybe you’re retaining a little fluid. Maybe there’s so many things. That’s why you really want to be focusing on your body composition and you won’t know unless you look, and again, we can do this at home correlated with an inexpensive EDAN scale.

JJ Virgin: Gosh, they’re like 20 bucks now. Yeah, right. I have a $5,000 EDAN scale at the house that I’ve had forever professional grade one. But back in the day that I used it on Dr. Phil back in the day, these things were really expensive. Now there’s one that’s equally valid for a hundred bucks, but you want to validate this. The DEXA is really the gold standard. So you just decide, I’m going to go in because people go in to get the DEXA for their bone mineral density. But you know what? Bone mineral density is like blood sugar. It’s a lagging indicator. So blood sugar lagging indicator for insulin resistance. What if we were just texting insulin all along the way? We would not have the blood sugar problem. And bone mineral density is really a lagging indicator of sarcopenia, which do you know? It’s like I think 13 to 17% of people 50 and above now have sarcopenia have low muscle mass.

JJ Virgin: And you would never catch that stepping on a scale. You would never catch it. And so here’s important about getting on a DEXA is you’re going to, of course you’re going to find your bone mineral density, but you’re going to find out your skeletal muscle and you’re going to see your skeletal muscle and you’re going to see how much do I have in my arms, my legs, my trunk? Is it even, and what is it relative to other people my age? And what do I need to do? And I want to be like, want to be a star student here. I want to be in the upper 25%. It’s called appendicular lean mass index or appendicular skeletal mass index on the test. And then you’re going to look at body fat. Now here’s the thing. If we are going to look at levels of risk, your real risk on that that you’re seeing in the DEXA is low muscle mass and high visceral adipose tissue.

JJ Virgin: People tend to get all blown out about their thighs. Well, if your body fat’s mainly on your thighs and hips and you don’t have visceral adipose tissue, right? It’s like not a big deal. But what we know for women’s specifically is as they age now, men will be different with insulin resistance and then maybe converting more testosterone to estrogen. But for women as they age, estrogen goes down. We take that subcutaneous, that thigh fat, my mom called it shifting sands, where all of a sudden your butt fat goes to your gut. You got belly fat where you didn’t have it before, and you really want to see that because that’s that dangerous fat. But you can affect it. And again, what I look at is if I have a dex and I go, all right, we have to build some muscle, and you seem to be way weaker in your size.

JJ Virgin: You’ve got fat infiltration here in your upper body, you’ve got visceral adipose tissue. What do we need to do? What we need to? Or your right arm has more muscle mass on your left. We can start to now put your body back into balance, which is another reason why I like doing resistance training with more dumbbells, et cetera, to help us not favor our strongest side. We always will, but that’s what a DEXA can show us. And then we go home and we use our EDS machine and we use that. We just do it every day. We get up in the morning pee, get on the biome impedance machine, it goes into our phone. We track the trend. We don’t get emotionally involved. It is not a mean friend. It’s a biometric tool. You would never take your blood pressure and beat yourself up about what a bad person you are and that you blew it the day before never.

JJ Virgin: So we need to behave the same with this. This is information that will then let us know what we need to do, what’s working, what doesn’t. I love to combine that. I think tracking your food for at least a month is one of the biggest game-changing things that you can do. I mean, if all you did was just track your, that’s why I tell people, let’s just track and focus on protein. Nope, nothing else, but I know that just by tracking, you’ll make better choices. And then you put the protein in, and I know if you’re eating protein first, you’ll make better choices. We put that stuff together and it’s really important, mark, for someone to do biome impedance when they’re increasing their protein, they may either see that even though they’re in a caloric deficit, their weight’s going down very little or they may see maybe their weight goes up a little bit at first, especially if they’ve maybe added in some creatine and now they’re building more muscle and they’re freaking out, and yet their clothes are fitting looser and they look better naked.

JJ Virgin: That’s why we have to really understand what’s going on because if you haven’t lost any weight, but you’ve dropped body fat and put on muscle, holy smokes. The other Vicky that I talk about was this poor, huh? The first Vicky was the one that lost 10 pounds of fat, put on 10 pounds of muscle. And here’s Tim, who literally now has gone from 25% to 18% to 14%. I just did the tanita at home. He was 11. We’re about to go do a dexa. So I sense he’s somewhere now in the eight to 10%, but his weight has only dropped five pounds, and this has been now a year and a half, but very solid on his protein, very solid on creatine, doing all the things that you need to do.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So jj, this is so fascinating. I think it sort of upends a lot of our kind of conventional wisdom around what to eat and what we should be doing with exercise as we age. Let’s in a few minutes we have left, let’s talk about some of the other pillars that you have. A third pillar, which is sleep, and then just a few minutes about supplements and then we’ll wrap it up. But tell me why sleep’s so important and how does that relate to weight loss and diet and exercise?

JJ Virgin: Back when I was obsessed with weight loss resistance, sleep was obviously one of the things I looked at the most because just if someone slept more, because the research of failure to get the recommended seven to nine hours of sleep a night, even if you’re eating healthy and exercising, it is a risk factor for obesity because of elevated hunger hormones because of insulin resistance. So first part, just for fat loss, sleep is mission critical, but muscle repair is happening when you sleep. So we have to make sure, and that’s why I really, I’m also focused on in terms of the bumper meals for protein, that you make sure that your breakfast and dinner have really got that two and a half to three grams of leucine in them that you’re doing that. I think really for our age, it’s 40 grams or up of protein at those meals and at minimum a hundred grams of protein overall during the day, but probably more. I’m getting 140 to 180 grams a day. That’s

Dr. Mark Hyman: A lot. That’s about what I’m getting. I’m bigger. Well, you’re about six foot tall. You’re probably close to me.

JJ Virgin: You’re six, aren’t you?

Dr. Mark Hyman: 6 3, 6 2, 6, 2 3. As I shrunk a little

JJ Virgin: When I think of sleep, I’m also thinking of all the different things that we need to do to recover and repair. And so it’s sleep, it’s Epsom salts baths, it’s foam rolling and massage, it’s sauna, it’s cold plunging and red lights. So all the things that if you can get access to these things, and if you can’t have a cold plunge, we literally got a cold plunge and we put it in the house, but you can have a cold shower if you don’t have a sauna, take a hot bath. All these things are going to aid recovery, but sleep being the most important of all, we’ve got to prioritize sleep. And I think there’s an idea, just like we think we don’t need to eat as much as we age, and sure our caloric needs might go down some. I would argue that if you are doing the activity that you need to do and building muscle, it’s not going to be as much as it would be otherwise that that’s really more of a devastation in your metabolism. But we also don’t have less sleep needs as we age. I think probably what happens is we’ve got more cortisol, we’ve got lower progesterone in women, and we’re just not sleeping well, but we need to prioritize it and make it happen.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, I think sleep is key. I think most people forget about how important it’s just in terms of your metabolic health, immune health. If you just don’t sleep, you’re going to crave carbs, you’re going to be tired. I

JJ Virgin: Dunno if, you know, when I met eat more, Tim used to eat a little bit higher. He would eats sugar and he slept five hours a night and I’m like, well, this isn’t going to work.

Dr. Mark Hyman: This

JJ Virgin: Is the problem. And it’s funny, I got him sleeping eight to nine hours a night and boom, he immediately lost weight. Amazing. Didn’t have sugar cravings anymore, just weight dropped off him. He’s like, gosh, I need to eat more. This is not working. That’s amazing. It’s that dramatic. These, again, when I look at these things, I go, what are the biggest levers that if you were just to do these things, like you just said, okay, I’m going to eat protein first. I’ll eat the amount that I need and I’ll eat it first and I’ll make sure I get it in, and then I’ll just focus the exercise that I am going to do. I’ll do resistance training and I’ll focus on big compound movements rather than doing a little bicep curl or tricep extension. I’ll do a pull up or a dip or a pushup, and then I’ll make sure that I, I prioritize my sleep. I’ll make it a priority. I’ll get my seven to nine hours every single night. Just those three things I think we’d have probably, we’d flip the metabolic health parameters. We probably have 6.8% of the population who wasn’t metabolically

Dr. Mark Hyman: Not that hard. I mean, it’s not that hard. We have the science you’ve unpacked, there’s so much more. One last thing, you take supplements. What are the supplements you take and why?

JJ Virgin: So I’m going to tell you the ones I think are most important,

Dr. Mark Hyman: Most important in

JJ Virgin: This area. Like you mean the 50 supplements I take, but the ones that no matter what are my non-negotiables, it’s creatine. Holy smokes. I don’t know when you started to take creatine, but I only started taking it. Gosh, I don’t even think a year ago. I’m like, why wasn’t I taking this? Do you know women of 70 to 80% less tissue stores of creatine than men? We make about a gram a day, but we really need more than that. We need tissue saturation. And when you’re doing high intensity exercise, if you’re really pushing it, you have to use this system in your body called the phosphocreatine system. It’s creatine dependent so you can work out harder, recover more. Also for women, they found major important for mood, for cognitive decline, like women on antidepressants who were given creatine had a way bigger effect, way happier mood. Really? Yes. Yep. And wrinkles. Skin, mood, bones, muscles recovery. I mean, it’s like, it’s incredible. And women need it more, and they’re so afraid of taking it because every time I talk about it on social, I get bombarded. I’m going to get bloated. I was like, you know what? Just creep it up. You’ll be fine. And if you are one of the fortunate ones that actually is going to get more water in your muscle, which you could see by doing your edin scale, celebrate that. You want that. That’s good.

JJ Virgin: We want mussels that have got good water in them. That’s good. So that would be one. I know you and I are both fans of mito, pure Uly and A. That was another one. I do one thing at a time and wow, did I notice a difference when I started taking that in terms of how hard I could work out? So that is one, yeah, huge. Some of the ones I think that are really important, and there’s more research coming out now about vitamin D helping with, right? So we think of vitamin D, prohormone, bone health, immune health, but also now more is coming out about it for muscle mass. Same with fish oil. I always thought, well, fish oil. I know fish oil helps bone remodeling, but they’re starting to talk about fish oil possibly for an anabolic response. The latest research showed that with frail people, that it improved gait speed.

JJ Virgin: I was thinking, oh, I wonder if it’s the anti-inflammatory effect, because if you’re inflamed, which we know there’s inflammaging, it can block muscle protein synthesis, but it’s apparently a different way. It does that by improving your sensitivity to amino acid. So maybe it’s pushing you out of, it’s helping you with that anabolic resistance. It’s still, we’ll see, but those are my for this, I think those are some of the key ones. I also have really focused on getting in my electrolytes and being, I know you’re well hydrated as you’ve already proven today, but I think this information from Rick Johnson about dehydration and how when you’re dehydrated, you will convert glucose to fructose in the liver and store it as fat. You’re basically becoming a camel. I’m like, holy smokes. Yeah. Well, thanks.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, I mean, I think that’s true. And people don’t realize that we need not just hydration, but intracellular hydration. For example, if you over hydrate with water, you dilute your blood, you can end up with coma, seizures and death, right? This happens.

JJ Virgin: Have water. Well, Brooke Shields just passed out because of it. Remember? Right, that in the news.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. People need to think about drinking electrolytes with their water. And this is not the sugary stuff. I use one that’s called light show. I like it. It’s a little scoop I poured in. It’s got a teeny bit of Stevia. There’s another version of it that has none of that, and it’s just a little bit of salty water about, I don’t mind it. It’s profound in its effect. I mean, I notice when I work out or when I’m on a hot sunny day playing tennis and I actually drink it like the Energizer bunny just gets turned back on from the droopy little guy. So I think it’s important to get intracellular hydration. So I think this is just such a wealth of amazing information. J, why don’t you share in closing what it means to you to live with purpose and age powerfully as you get older?

JJ Virgin: So I have a theory about the blue zones in that when you really look at the unifying factor between all those different areas, they’re super active. And I know I was looking at some video you did somewhere where the guy was pulling his cart and he was walking up the hills. They’re super active doing powerful things, but they also have a purpose. They’re relevant in their society. They’re regarded as elders, which we suck at in the United States. Let’s be honest, when I look at this, I think this is such an opportunity for women especially because if you look at it, okay, we’re aging. If we left that unchecked, we’d lose muscle size, we’d lose strength, but we’d really lose power. And women, their whole lives have tried to shrink, be smaller. I mean, being six feet tall, people always say, oh, you’re so big. And I’d always say, no, I’m tall. I never wanted to be big. And then I thought, well, what happens if we show up bigger, if we show up more powerfully? And I really think that as you start to get stronger the way you do one thing is the way you do everything. You start to get stronger in the gym. You get stronger and more powerful in life. So it’s my big goal that this message goes beyond just physicality.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That’s beautiful, jj. It’s such a beautiful framework. And where can people learn more about your work and how to apply this? Because you’ve created so many resources for people. You’re coming out with a book in 2025. We’ll have you back about it. It’s going to go through this. But for now, where can people find information that will help guide them toward the strategies that you’ve outlined in this podcast?

JJ Virgin: So we created a very simple, again, I wanted to prove a point, very simple challenge that gives them a protein calculator. So they figure out their range, their personal range for protein based on their age, sex, genetics type of diet, and then a simple seven day protein challenge. And that is at jj virgin.com/protein first.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That’s great. Protein first. I love it. So jj, thank you so much for everything you’ve done for being my friend for decades and decades and being on this journey together forever. And it’s just great to see you thriving and doing well, and it’s just an example of how we can all age powerfully. So thanks so much.

JJ Virgin: Thank you.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Thanks for listening today. If you love this podcast, please share it with your friends and family. We’d love to hear your comments and your questions, and please leave us a rating and review and of course, subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. You can find me on all social media channels at Dr. Mark Hyman, and you can also subscribe to my YouTube channel at Dr. Mark Hyman. I’m always getting questions about my favorite books, podcasts, gadgets, supplements, recipes, and lots more. And now you can have access to all of this information by signing up for my free Marx Picks [email protected] slash Marx picks. I promise I’ll only email you once a week on Fridays, and I’ll never share your email address or send you anything else besides my recommendations. These are the things that helped me on my health journey, and I hope they’ll help you too. Again, that’s dr hyman.com/marks picks. Thank you again, and we’ll see you next time on The Doctor’s Farmacy. This podcast is separate from my clinical practice at the Ultra Wellness

Dr. Mark Hyman: Center, my work at Cleveland Clinic and Function Health, where I’m the Chief Medical Officer. This podcast represents my opinions and my guest opinions. Neither myself nor the podcast endorses the views or statements of my guests. This podcast is for educational purposes only. It’s not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. This podcast is provided on the understanding that it does not constitute medical or other professional advice or services. If you’re looking for help in your journey, seek out a qualified medical practitioner. Now, if you’re looking for a functional medicine practitioner, you can visit ifm.org and search their find a practitioner database. It’s important that you have someone in your corner who is trained, who’s a licensed healthcare practitioner, and can help you make changes, especially when it comes to your health.

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